Research Methods
Advanced
Instrumental Variables
A causal-inference strategy that uses a variable affecting treatment or exposure but not directly affecting the outcome except through that treatment.
Why It Matters
Instrumental variables can help address endogeneity in legal and institutional research, but only when relevance and exclusion restrictions are carefully defended.
Selected Literature
A short list of directly relevant archive entries.
1994
Advanced
Identification and Estimation of Local Average Treatment Effects
Guido W. Imbens and Joshua D. Angrist
Econometrica
2009
Introductory
Mostly Harmless Econometrics: An Empiricist's Companion
Joshua D. Angrist and Jörn-Steffen Pischke
Princeton University Press
2015
Advanced
Causal Inference for Statistics, Social, and Biomedical Sciences
Guido W. Imbens and Donald B. Rubin
Cambridge University Press
2021
Advanced